The Constituent Assembly passed a sweeping land reform expropriating large estates, and adopted a new highly liberal constitution establishing Estonia as a parliamentary democracy. In 1924, the Soviet Union organised a communist coup attempt, which quickly failed. Estonia’s cultural autonomy law for ethnic minorities, adopted in 1925, is widely recognised as one of the most liberal in the world at that time. The Great Depression put heavy pressure on Estonia’s political system, and in 1933, the right-wing Vaps movement spearheaded a constitutional reform establishing a strong presidency. On 12 March 1934 the acting head of state, Konstantin Päts, declared a state of emergency, under the pretext that the Vaps movement had been planning a coup.

• Living standards under the Soviet occupation kept falling further behind nearby independent Finland.
• According to the Constitution of Estonia, Estonian is the sole official language.
• In 1939, Estonia declared neutrality, but this proved futile in World War II.

In the raquel meroño bikini late 1890s, there was a new surge of nationalism with the rise of prominent figures like Jaan Tõnisson and Konstantin Päts. In the early 20th century, Estonians started taking over control of local governments in towns from Germans. Geopolitically, Estonia is often considered to be one of the three Baltic countries or “Baltic states” — an unofficial geopolitical grouping which also includes Latvia and Lithuania. However, the term “Baltic states” (“countries”, “nations”, “lands”, or similar) cannot be used unambiguously in the context of cultural areas, national identity, or language. While the majority of the population both in Lithuania and neighbouring Latvia are indeed Baltic peoples , the majority in Estonia are culturally and linguistically Finnic. The Red Army reached the Estonian borders again in early 1944, but its advance into Estonia was stopped in heavy fighting near Narva for six months by German forces, including numerous Estonian units.

Progetti Europei

In the decade after the reconstitution of independence, large-scale emigration by ethnic Russians and the removal of the Russian military bases in 1994 caused the proportion of ethnic Estonians in Estonia to increase from 61% to 69% in 2006. Before World War II, ethnic Estonians made up 88% of the population, with national minorities constituting the remaining 12%. The largest minority groups in 1934 were Russians, Germans, Swedes, Latvians, Jews, Poles, and Finns.

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The Defence League has 16,000 members, with additional 10,000 volunteers in its affiliated organisations. Estonia was a member of the League of Nations from 22 September 1921, and became a member of the United Nations on 17 September 1991. Since restoration of independence Estonia has pursued close relations with the Western countries, and has been member of NATO since 29 March 2004, as well as the European Union since 1 May 2004. The European Union Agency for large-scale IT systems is based in Tallinn, which started operations at the end of 2012. Estonia held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union in the second half of 2017. In the most recent parliamentary elections of 2019, five parties gained seats at Riigikogu.

Government

The Government of Estonia finalised the design of Estonian euro coins in late 2004, and adopted the euro as the country’s currency on 1 January 2011, later than planned due to continued high inflation. It is a state-level tax, but 100% of the revenue is used to fund Local Councils. The Land Value Tax is levied on the value of the land only with improvements and buildings not considered. Very few exemptions are considered on the land value tax and even public institutions are subject to the tax. The tax has contributed to a high rate (~90%) of owner-occupied residences within Estonia, compared to a rate of 67.4% in the United States. The Soviet Union began Russification, with hundreds of thousands of Russians and people of other Soviet nationalities being induced to settle in Estonia, which eventually threatened to turn Estonians into a minority in their own land.

In European Union Estonia participates in Nordic Battlegroup and Permanent Structured Cooperation. Estonian parliament Riigikogu is elected by citizens over 18 years of age for a four-year term by proportional representation, and has 101 members. Riigikogu’s responsibilities include approval and preservation of the national government, passing legal acts, passing the state budget, and conducting parliamentary supervision. On proposal of the president Riigikogu appoints the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the chairman of the board of the Bank of Estonia, the Auditor General, the Legal Chancellor, and the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces. Many species extinct in most other European countries can be still found in Estonia.

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The Gini coefficient has held steadily higher than the European Union average , although it has clearly dropped. Modern Estonia is a fairly ethnically homogeneous country, but this historical homogeneity is a feature of 13 of the country’s 15 maakond . The mostly Russian-speaking immigrant population is concentrated in urban areas which administratively belong to two counties.